Improving Decision making in the Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improving Decision making in the Public - Essay Example This examination features thatâ the intuitive part, established on the passionate impulses, is operational without cognizant consideration. Conflictingly, sane reasoning includes all circumstances requiring deliberative examination. Shockingly, the intuitive bit is similarly more grounded than its balanced partner. Thus, individuals are enticed to utilize the instinctual partition even in circumstances requiring purposeful examination. This is the purpose for the absence of limit with respect to people to make right decisions.This paper examines that general society ought to be told by information on choices making, and utilize these information while shaping choices. Studies show that information on insights improves the judgment of sureness and vulnerability, and it is significant this is executed inside training educational plan so that students’ dynamic abilities are honed. Also, analysts found that commendable numeracy aptitudes essentially improve one’s capacity to decipher certifiable circumstances. Dynamic can be radically improved by underscoring these two instructive methodologies in instructive projects, while specialists applying information on dynamic through improved measurable and numeracy skills. Scientific realities decide that we are unequipped for modifying our selves through the combination of new information and abilities to settle on just right choices. Never-the-less, the utilization of libertarian paternalism, and use of the two instructive methodologies can improve dynamic.

7 Types of Euphemism

7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism By Mark Nichol Code words, words or expressions that substitute for provocative or sincerely charged terms, are utilized for different reasons: 1. Deliberation: Some doublespeaks serve to separate individuals from unsavory or humiliating facts, as when we state that a dead individual died or a big name who has dropped an appearance is experiencing fatigue. 2. Indirection: A doublespeak may supplant an express depiction of an activity, as when individuals talk about setting off to the washroom or of others dozing together. 3. Litotes: Sometimes, doublespeak happens as this expository gadget wherein the gravity or power of a thought is mollified or limited by a twofold negative, as in the reference to somebody as being not ugly. 4. Error: Alteration of articulation is a type of doublespeak, as when we state mother truckin or shoot, or jeez or drat, so as not to affront individuals by utilizing obscenity (allegorical or exacting). These kinds of doublespeaks, including rhyme, similar sounding word usage, or shortening, are likewise called minced promises. 5. Change: A gruffly hostile thing can be changed into a doublespeak by changing over it to a descriptive word, as in saying somebody has communist leanings instead of marking them a communist by and large. 6. Exemplification: One type of code word is when things that a few people lean toward also genuinely, for example, private parts, are alloted individual names. (I will go past code word and let perusers consider models all alone.) 7. Slang: Much of slang, determined to create a jargon select to a social gathering, is code word, as in the utilization of joint for weed (itself a slang term, got from the Spanish names Mary and Juana firmly identified with â€Å"Mary Jane,† one more doublespeak). Partnerships and government organizations, including military administrations, are aces are making doublespeaks of deliberation and indirection, for example, used for utilized, profluent for contamination, and â€Å"collateral damage† instead of â€Å"accidental killing.† Code word is additionally regularly utilized trying to make amenable reference to physical or mental handicap, however a few people contend that while a pattern toward perpetually metaphorical language appears to accord individuals so named more regard, code word can likewise reduce the open view of the reality of the condition. Not all code word is despicable, yet a lot of it is, and authors and editors must hunt their still, small voices and maintain their standards in concluding whether to love seat terms or whether to utilize clear language. Albeit an improved probability of code word appears to correspond with the degree of dispersion of a distribution, it is additionally frequently obvious that the more across the board the readership of a distribution, the more secure it is for the individuals who produce its substance to be obtuse and legit. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word Games25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

Small Business Preference

Small Business Preference Small Business Preference Feb 4, 2019 in Business Small Business Development Programs Starting a small business is becoming more popular in the USA. Being a veteran, it is always difficult to get into self-employment since the incomes give a small chance to have a start-up budget. The US Department of Labor has implemented some experimental programs for providing financial assistance and management advice to people who want to start their own small business. In this case, we will talk about a model airplane building and an aircraft remote control. In addition, the US Small Business Administration has developed special programs, which are offer consulting, training, and education to the clients. As it turned out, potential entrepreneurs more often experience lack of managing skills rather than lack of capital.

Genetic Engineering Humans Should Not Play God Essay

Genetic engineering techniques should not be used to custom tailor children. It is morally wrong because it overrides natural selection. Humans should not have the right to play God. It is also unfair for those who are born naturally. Instead of allowing nature to decide, humans might choose what their descendants will be like. Nature alone should be the judge of ones skin color and other features. Genetic engineering should only be used for medical purposes. Otherwise, it is unfair to those who do not have access to these procedures, while genetically designed people will have an advantage over those who relied solely on nature. Thus, certain forms of genetic engineering should not be permitted. Genetic†¦show more content†¦The eggs are then removed and placed into a special medium that promotes growth. Forty hours later, if the eggs have been properly fertilized and developed, the embryos are transferred to the mothers uterus. Usually multiple eggs are inserted to increase the likelihood of pregnancy. If, however, more than four embryos develop, the donor is given the option of cryopreserving1 the embryos left over. This lessens the risk of multiple gestations (twins, triplets etc.) After a single IVF cycle, the probability of pregnancy is about twenty percent greater. IVF, has been used on animals by farmers for a long time to yield better products. It was used successfully on humans for the first time in 1978. Another genetic engineering technique used on humans is called gene therapy. Gene therapy is based on recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), also known as gene splicing. In this technique, the genes of one organism are introduced to another organism. This alters the genetic structure of the organism, thus altering its traits. These changes, however, will not be passed on to future generations because the sperm or eggs of the organism are not affected (Levine). Gene therapy is currently used to correct genetic diseases. These diseases are caused either by inherited defective genes or by miscoded genes, which are generally created during cell growth and division (Blaese). Gene therapy works byShow MoreRelatedWhy Genetic Engineering Is Morally Good Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining if genetic engineering is morally good is only half the battle with this ethical issue. Regardless of whether morally good reasons are used to justify it, genetic engineering is an attempt to use human intelligence in order to try to overthrow God’s original creation or plan for humans. Scientist are trying to perfect his creation or change it. God has laid out the way things should happen naturally and humans are attempting to overthrow it. A key word to note is â€Å"attempt† because ScotusRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1584 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering Explain how this technology works. Genetic engineering otherwise called genetic modification and can basically be described as the ‘direct manipulation of an organism’s genome’ which is the complete set of genetic material of an animal, plant or other living thing. This direct manipulation works by using modern DNA technology. This ‘involves the introduction of foreign DNA also known as synthetic genes into the organism of interest’ or curiousity. Genetic engineering does notRead MoreGenetic Engineering Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering Many scientists today are all trying to prefect the studies of genetic engineering, also known as cloning. This has become one of the most popular studies of this decade. Scientist says that with genetic engineering the human race can live forever. For some people cloning could be the greatest experiment of all time, but also it could be the most dangerous and harmful experiment that was ever attempted. Why do we feel the need to clone humans, animals? Should we just letRead More Human Genetic Engineering Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered human genetic engineering? What is Human Genetic Engineering? Lets start by looking at the cell and the source of heritable traits. We know that all organisms are made up by cells and that new cells can only spring from existing cells. Cell growth depends upon the production of new cells and within each cell exists DNA. DNA contains the hereditary instructions need for each organism to grow and develop. Every parental organism gives the correct amount of DNA to its offspring. Humans give theirRead MoreThe Bioethics Of Human Genetic Engineering And Modification1589 Words   |  7 Pagesof Human Genetic Engineering and Modification Humans are marvelous creatures no other animals compare in intelligence or general abilities. As humans, we never have enough, we always are in search of self-improvement and personal gain. Our lives are based on the pursuit of personal gain and to help better the human race as a whole. Sometimes we must sacrifice everything and other times it comes as little to no price to achieve something greater for ourselves and others. Genetic engineering is anRead MoreThe Ethics Of Genetic Engineering1639 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering has to do with manipulating organisms and DNA to create body characteristics. The practice of genetic DNA has shown an increasing amount over the past years. The process of genetic enhancement involves manipulating organisms by using biotechnologies. The technique is by removing a DNA from one life form and transferring it to another set of traits or organism. Certain barriers are conquered, and the procedure involves changing a form of cells, resul ting from an improvement orRead MoreEssay about Human Genetic Engineering1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthreatening diseases, make sure that your child is not susceptible to smoking addictions or alcoholism, and then make your child genius? Would you? Are you asking yourself how this could be done? Have you ever considered human genetic engineering? What is Human Genetic Engineering? Lets start by looking at the cell and the source of heritable traits. We know that all organisms are made up by cells and that new cells can only spring from existing cells. Cell growth depends upon the productionRead MoreEssay on Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned1641 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Engineering Should Not be Banned Genetic engineering is a hotly-debated topic. On the one hand, giant corporations, ambitious scientists and powerful politicians are pushing forward with projects they claim will benefit mankind, and on the other, public opinion, environmentalists and consumers associations are concerned that these projects are insufficiently safeguarded and pose irreversible risks to life on this planet. In this paper I will set out the main issues in the debateRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? And , how far should we really go? According toRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Designer Babies1687 Words   |  7 Pages Background History Genetic engineering is the modification of the genes to be able to change the characteristics of the person. â€Å"Designer babies† is when the parents choose the genetic information of the child, while in embryo. The genetic engineering will occur hand in hand with in vitro fertilization. For â€Å"designer babies† to actually be created, the parents need a donor with the genes the parents want inserted in their child. Whereas, genetic therapy is the changing of the person’s genes after

Alteration in My Life Moving to America Essay - 531 Words

There are many unfair things in this world. Some people are born rich and live in luxury, while some people are born into a poor life that people are suffering. All of us may live in a different life, but we also have one common thing before that. We are all born into this world to live once and we die when the time comes. While living our lives, we all taste contentment and depression. In this process, we sometimes meet moment of enlightenment and life can change in an instant. When I was young I was an active child. I had many friends and they followed me a lot. I could tell my opinions clearly and express my emotions very well. I was always bright and cheerful child. However, when I moved to America for 5th grade all this was†¦show more content†¦I followed my parents and transferred to another school called Woodrow Wilson Middle School. It was very strange but on the first day at the new school, I made some friends and because of that, I could have adapt to new environme nt faster and could communicate better with other people. I think this was my turning point in my life. By my experience, I could understand many other people who are struggling because of different cultures and languages. I also could advise people about how to go through in this difficult time. While I was living in America, my family got many home staying students. Because we didn’t have many rooms, I had to share my room with one person. I was very sensitive back then cause of my adolescence. I never fought with other people but we had many quarrels. We had some similarities, but we had more differences. There were total of four people home stayed at my house for past 3 to 4 years. I still have one another person. We were all different and I went through with many conflicts. At that time, it was arduous and difficult time for me, but as the time passed by, I was very grateful to have those times with them. My point to view of people got wider and because of that, I could understand people more easily. I could see what their problem was and help them if they needed. All this experience was very difficult time for me. In these past years, I had enjoyment and ordeals. I only lived for 17 years now, but I saw many things and experiencedShow MoreRelatedLowell Mills1346 Words   |  6 Pagesexplored working and labor conditions in the new industrial factories in American. To describe the Lowell Textile mills it requires a look back in history to study, discover and gain knowledge of the industrial labor and factory systems of industrial America. These mass production mills looked pretty promising at their beginning but after years of being in business showed multiple problems and setbacks to the people involved in them. Lowell mills were located in Lowell, Massachusetts and specializedRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Hester Prynne1701 Words   |  7 Pagesthem are one in the same. Douglas and Prynne represent everything that America is supposed to be moving forward out of the Antebellum time period. The Antebellum period of the United States was the pre-civil war era where turmoil was building up across the country. Abolitionists were becoming a main part of the fabric of the political infrastructure. The country becoming more and more divided. There was a dream of what America was supposed to be. The state of the country at this time was far awayRead MoreMalcolm X : The Black Leader And Activist1656 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Americans that created a huge following of people for him. He did not feel that nonviolent approaches towards civil rights would result in change and had a different and more radical way of achieving it. Towards the end of his life he made a surprising change in his life and had completely different ideas for the struggle for civil rights. Named Malcolm Little at birth, he was raised by his mom Louise and father, Earl in Omaha, Nebraska. Earl was a Baptist preacher that supported Black NationalismRead MoreGenetic Engineering and a Brave New World1694 Words   |  7 PagesBrave New World and My Sister’s Keeper. But what exactly is Genetic Engineering? What exactly does Genetic Engineering entail? Genetic Engineering in its self is a mammoth and board field, yet not many people actually know or even understand the diversity that Genetic Engineering entails. When most people perceive the slightest sound of the word Genetic Engineering they robotically think about cloning. A massive ninety seven percent of people in the Unites States of America have heard of cloningRead MoreThe Provincials By Daniel Alarcon Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism, as he represents America being the empire, becomes the central target of resentment; on the contrary, his father, who left for the capitol city, also opens himself for criticism from the isolationist men who both celebrate the father’s success and envy it. Manuel hopes to inspire Nelson to stop amusing his idle self, and make a promising change in his acting career path by taking him along to visit the province; however, Manuel realizes his own life’s alteration in pursuing institution ofRead MoreHow Sleep Disorders Change a Day and Night1106 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily life events and academic stress predicted increased insomnia scores† (Brand, Serge, et al). How a pe rson may deal with these stressful situations can also negatively affect their Insomnia. Without properly dealing with their stresses can cause anxiety. That can cause their mind to work overtime, when not needed. The next sleep disorder is Sleep apnea, â€Å"a respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep† (pg. 3420). Also common in America, SleepRead MoreZionism and Non Zionists Essays1191 Words   |  5 Pagesand how to solve current issues in the religion. A State is formed by a social contract and is still being created today. Rousseau states, â€Å"The conditions of this contract are so precisely defined by the nature of the agreement that the slightest alterations would make them null and void. The consequence is that, even where they are not expressly stated, they are everywhere identical, and everywhere tacitly accepted and recognized.† States are mainly created by a nation struggling with social and politicalRead MoreThe Dangers of Bulimia Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfor a whole week because I am a stupid, fat, ugly, pig!† However those were the same words she has spoken to herself for the past week. A glimpse of hope comes to Janie’s mind, â€Å"At least I have won the battle for now. The food I just shoveled down my throat won’t affect me today.† What Janie doesn’t know is that she is a victim of a destructive disease called bulimia. Bulimia, which comes from the root word meaning oxhunger due to the persons appetite, affects 5% of American teenage peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Term Captains Of Industry2304 Words   |  10 Pageswhich had accumulated vast personal fortunes and contributed positively to the country through some act. Amidst the second industrial revolution in America, names such as Vanderbilt (Rail), Carnegie (Steel), Rockefeller (Oil), Morgan (Electricity/Finance), and of course Henry Ford (Automobile) are often lionized for their achievements in building America into a modern day power. On the contrary, many of these same figures are also considered Robber Barons; industrialists that routinely cheat investorsRead MoreA Personal Reflection on the Liminal Spaces in Life1857 Words   |  8 Pagesare the in-between moments. It is often an interval of tribulation, of halt and alteration. Your old habits, beliefs and even personal identity deteriorates. In that moment of liminality, you have the chance to become someone new. Liminal space is the middle of every great story. In movies, it is the period you find that there is a twist in the plot. Change happens through liminal space, which is the period of alteration and transformation. The word, liminal means â€Å"threshold†. It can relate to a transition

Soc 402 Outline for Final Free Essays

Substance Abuse in the Workplace Contemporary Social Problems and the Workplace SOC402 Instructor: Douglas Nelson October 4, 2012 Substance Abuse in the Workplace Substance abuse is a growing problem in the workplace. â€Å"Substance abuse is the repeated use of alcohol or drugs to the point that users develop personal problems and distress related to use. † (Giraffe, 2011) I am going to discuss the major problems with substance abuse and outline some mind-boggling statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Soc 402 Outline for Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, I will relate substance abuse to a work environment I have been associated with and express the chaos I have witnessed from co-workers abusing illegal substances and over-using alcohol. I am going to analyze ways this problem can be possibly solved or at least prevented to a certain degree. If substance abuse is prevented, I have determined several social and economic benefits that may occur. I. The major problem with substance abuse 1. Substance abuse in the workplace is extremely dangerous; the one abusing the substance increases not only their chances, but also increases the likeliness of their co-workers of injuries or possibly death depending on the situation. a. â€Å"Alcohol and drug abuse on the job is a serious issue for employers because it may cause lost productivity or dangerous conditions from mistakes, reduced efficiency, and increased absenteeism. † (Giraffe, 2011) b. â€Å"Alcohol use, although legal, also significantly contributes to workplace substance abuse problems. (Giraffe, 2011) II. Substance abuse related to my work environment 1. I have had co-workers come into work hung-over and possibly still drunk, I have seen them hide in the bathroom and sleep for several hours. a. â€Å"Furthermore, substance abusers are not only less productive, but they also use three times the number of sick days and file five times the number of workers’ compensation claims as nonabusers† (U. S. Department of Labor, 1999). b. â€Å"Substance abuse also leads to injuries† (Giraffe, 2011) III. Ways this problem can be decreased 1. Although the problem is abundant in the work-center, there are possibly solutions to minimizing substance abusers at work. a. â€Å"In 2005, for example, an estimated 17 million people used illegal drugs and nearly 75% of them were employed† (U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2011) b. â€Å"The Department of Health and Human Services study reported that almost 9% of full-time workers reported heavy alcohol use within the past month. The vast majority of those were between 18 and 25 years old† (Larson, Eyerman, Foster, ; Gfroerer, 2007). c. OSHA provides employers with recommendations for substance abuse prevention programs, including the drug-free workplace policy. † (Giraffe, 2011) d. â€Å"Training is an important component of a drug-free workplace to make sure supervisors understand how to enforce the policy without violating the law. Many companies offer employee assistance programs (EAPs) as part of their benefits package. EAPs provide ind ividual counseling services and are a resource for referral to rehabilitation programs, medical services, or other therapeutic services. † (Giraffe, 2011) e. This was followed by the Drug-Free Workplace Law of 1988, which has been amended several times to require federal contractors to actively promote a drug-free workplace and to have a substance abuse prevention policy in place† (Reagan, 1986). 2. Social benefits if prevented 1. The workplace will be a more socially accepted atmosphere is the problem was to be prevented. a. â€Å"According to a Department of Health and Human Services study, males are more likely than females to use illegal drugs, and employees with lower education levels are more likely to use drugs than those with college degrees† (Larson, Eyerman, Foster, ; Gfroerer, 2007). . Economic benefits if prevented 1. Companies will save a great deal of money if this problem were to be prevented. a. â€Å"can cause increases in health insurance costsà ¢â‚¬  (Giraffe, 2011) b. â€Å"Estimates that the residual cost of substance abuse in the workplace is more than $80 billion in the United States. † (U. S. Department of Labor, 1999) Substance abuse in the workplace is a problem that has been around for years, and it has yet to slow-down, however, I noted several ways the problem can be prevented. I expressed why substance abuse is the extensive problem it is, and I related the problems I have seen inside my own work-center. If my solution to substance abuse in the work center is implemented, there will be many social and economic benefits. References Giraffe, V. (2011). Contemporary social problems and the workplace. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education,Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUSOC402. 11. 1 Larson, S. L. , Eyerman, J. , Foster, M. S. , ; Gfroerer, J. C. (2007, June). Worker substance use and workplace policies and programs (U. D. Services, Producer). Retrieved from http://www. oas. samhsa. gov/work2k7/work. htm#6. 1 Reagan, R. (1986, September 15). Executive Order 12564 Drug-Free Workplace. Retrieved from http://uscode. house. gov/download/pls/41C10. txt U. S. Department of Labor. (1999). How does substance abuse impact the workplace? Retrieved from http://www. dol. gov/elaws/asp/drugfree/benefits. htm U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2011). Workplace substance abuse. Retrieved from http://www. osha. gov/SLTC/substanceabuse/index. html How to cite Soc 402 Outline for Final, Essay examples

Role of Nurses free essay sample

Nursing is a healthcare profession focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses work in a wide variety of specialties where they may work independently or as part of a team to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate care. Nursing Science is a field of knowledge based on the contributions of nursing scientists through peer-reviewed scholarly journals and evidenced-based practice. Nursing as a profession The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at the national or state level. The aim of the nursing community worldwide is for its professionals to ensure quality care for all, while maintaining their credentials, code of ethics, standards, and competencies, and continuing their education. 21] There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide, but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice, and training in clinical skills. Nurses care for individuals of all ages and cultural backgrounds who are healthy and ill in a holistic manner based on the individuals physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology in caring for those individuals. In order to work in the nursing profession, all nurses hold one or more credentials depending on their scope of practice and education. ALicensed practical nurse (LPN) (also referred to as a Licensed vocational nurse, Registered practical nurse, Enrolled nurse, and State enrolled nurse) works independently or with a Registered nurse. The most significant differentiation between an LPN and RN is found in the requirements for entry to practice, which determines entitlement for their scope of practice, for example in Canada an RN requires a bachelors degree and a LPN requires a 2 year diploma. A Registered nurse (RN) provides scientific, psychological, and technological knowledge in the care of patients and families in many health care settings. Registered nurses may also earn additional credentials ordegrees. In the USA, in addition to the LPN, Registered nurses can earn 2 different degrees that qualify a nurse for the title RN. The title RN ADN is awarded to the nurse who has completed a 2 year undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelors degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. The title RN BSN is awarded to the nurse who has earned an American four year academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by a tertiary education university or similarly accredited school. After completing either the LPN or either RN education programs in the USA, graduates are eligible to sit for the a licensing examination to become a nurse, the passing of which is required for the nursing license. RNs may also pursue different roles as advanced practice registered nurses. Nurses may follow their personal and professional interests by working with any group of people, in any setting, at any time. Some nurses follow the traditional role of working in a hospital setting. Around the world, nurses have been traditionally female. Despite equal opportunity legislation nursing has continued to be a female dominated profession. [25] For instance, in Canada and America the male-to-female ratio of nurses is approximately 1:19. 26][27] This ratio is represented around the world. Notable exceptions include: Francophone Africa, which includes the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Guinea, Gabon, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda,Senegal, and Togo, which all have more male than female nurses. In Europe, in countries such as Spain, Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and Italy, over 20% of nurses are male. 28] Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialties and countries, these nursing organizations offer the following definitions: Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. Role of Professional Nursing By Somer Taylor, eHow Contributor The role of professional nursing is an important one. Anecdotally, nurses have been said to have more patient interaction and understanding about the patients condition than the attending physician. Along with doctors, nurses help improve patient care. Even if there was not a nursing shortage, there would be a need for nurses to provide quality care and support to patients. he Role of Nurses †¢Nurses are health care professions who are part of a health care team. No longer the handmaid of the doctor, as mentioned by nursing professor Virginia Burggraf, nurses are an integral part of quality patient care. Responsibilities †¢The main responsibilities of a nurse are to care for the patient. They fulfill the doctors orders concerning patient care, and they also determine and seek to alleviate the health problems of the patient in concert with other members of the health care team such as the doctors, nutritionists and whoever else may be needed to adequately care for the patient. Depending on the specialty, the responsibilities may differ. But the general nurse duties in a hospital or clinical setting include taking vital signs, making certain that the patient gets enough fluids and rest and administering medication and treatment.

Amy Lee Essays

Amy Lee Essays Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Amy Lynn Lee, singer-songwriter and classically-trained pianist, is co-founder and lead singer of the alternative metal band Evanescence. Inspired by her mother, Lee spent nine years of her life practicing piano. Lee was born to parents John Lee, radio personality, and Sara Cargill. Living in Florida and California, they finally settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, where the band Evanescence began. Hearing Lee’s beautiful voice and heartfelt words, tears fall from the cheeks of some listening. Her words resonate in the soul of the receiver. At a summer youth camp, Ben Moody noticed Lee on the piano playing the song, â€Å"I’d Do Anything for Love (But I Won’t Do That),† by Meatloaf. A month later, the two began writing songs, eventually producing Evanescence EP in 1998, Sound Asleep EP in 1999, and the full length demo, Origin, in 2000. Signing with Wind-Up Records, Evanescence released Fallen in 2003, selling six point six million copies and spending 43 weeks in the Billboard top ten. Evanescence’s major label debut single, â€Å"Bring Me to Life,† was a major hit for the band and reached number five on the American Billboard Hot 100, while the equally popular â€Å"My Immortal† peaked at number seven in the United States. Their inclusion in the soundtrack for the action movie, â€Å"Daredevil,† helped propel both songs into widespread popularity and firmly cemented Evanescence within the music scene. â€Å"Bring Me to Life† gained recognition for the band at the Grammy Awards of 2004, where the band was given the Best Hard Rock Performance award. At the same time, Evanescence was awarded Best New Artist. Lead-guitarist Ben Moody abruptly left the band during the middle of their European tour. Relieved of an abusive relationship with Moody, Lee states, â€Å"Before, I wasn’t allowed to play any organ because Ben didn’t like it. This time I could do whatever I wanted, and there’s lots of organ. It’s all over. † (Lee) Moody was replaced by Terry Balsamo, the former Limp Bizkit guitarist. Meanwhile, the band went through numerous obstacles: Balsamo suffered from a stroke, Lee sued her manager, claiming sexual assault, and Lee broke ties with her boyfriend, Seether’s Shaun Morgan. Lee and Morgan produced a duet, â€Å"Broken,† which appears in the soundtrack to â€Å"The Punisher. † After three years absence, Evanescence’s second album, The Open Door, was released. The Open Door debuted at the top of the Billboard charts, selling more than 447,000 units in its first week and reached platinum status in just over a month. The album is defined by Lee’s beautiful melodies, compelling lyrics, deeply moving piano and amazing vocals, blended with Terry Balsamo’s urgent yet intricate guitar to form a seamless, delicate mixture that perfectly channels the band’s hard rock and classical sensibilities. The album’s first single, â€Å"Call Me When You’re Sober,† bashes Morgan for his drug addiction. Lee began writing at the tender age of eleven. She remains true to herself through life’s trials, writing and singing from the heart, captivating audiences worldwide. When Lee and Moody, co-founders of Evanescence, began singing, Lee was only sixteen. Lee has matured over the years, as is reflected in the album The Open Door. As Alen Meltzer, CEO of Wind-Up Records, states, â€Å"She is the female voice of her generation. She’s come into her own as a writer and a singer. She made this record with no label involvement. It was all her. † (Meltzer). Some may find the lyrics of Evanescence offensive, yet others may find them soothing, finally having someone put words to their pain and anger.

Love in Twelfth Night essays

Love in Twelfth Night essays Love is generally something sudden and irresistible, it is extremely difficult to get rid of. People seem to suffer from love, or at least people claim to suffer. Despite Twelfth Nights comic plot, Shakespeare paints the ambiguous picture of romance and infatuation in the play. It is a story of the madness of love, it can as well be viewed as an essential celebration of romantic love. Most characters in the play are involved in love in varying degrees. Throughout the play, many forms of love are portrayed. The first form of love explored is romantic love. Duke Orsino is seriously in love with love. At the beginning of the play, Orsino says, If music be the food of love, play on (Act1 Scn1 L1), he is hungry for love so bad. But actually Orsinos love is a false love, since he is satisfied by the idea of being in love, he is only in love with love itself and he doesnt know what true love is. The second form of love portrayed is the love at first sight. O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first, Methought she purged the air of pestilence! ... (Act 1 Scn 1 L17-22), says Duke Orsino. As soon as the Duke saw the beautiful Lady Olivia, Orsino is lovesick for her and she has become the passion of his life. There is another example of love at first sight in the play, which is performed by Olivia, who is in love with Cesario. However, Cesario is in fact a woman, Viola, who disguised herself as a young man and becomes a page to the Duke, makes both Olivia and Orsino misunderstand. Once Olivia see Cesario, who comes to her to carry love messages from Orsino, she is in love with the fake image of Cesario. As Olivia does not know the genuine identity of Cesario, Olivias love is as well a false love. The third form of love portrayed is secret love. Secret love obviously means the love that cannot be exposed to the public. Viola loves Orsino secretly; Orsino loves Olivia secre ...

Explain how maximum performance might beast be extracted from a small Essay

Explain how maximum performance might beast be extracted from a small engine - Essay Example Initially, two stroke engines were used to power toy cars, but now they are being used in lawn-mowers, motorcycles, and power saws. Two stroke engines are also undergoing modern innovations which are meant to convert them into better, modified engines. This paper reflects on strategies to optimize small engines’ performance. The first thing that one has to consider is that there should be no engine deposits present in the engine. Engine deposits may be there even if the engine is in its best mechanical condition. Carbon deposits may be present in the combustion chamber or in the valves of the cylinder (Totten, Westbrook & Shah 2003: 470). The fuel injectors may also be rusty. Carbon deposits and rust are the culprits that make the small engines perform less than they can when they are in new condition (see fig.1). Hence, tuning must be done, which requires much training, patience, and energy on the part of the owner (Pickerill 2009: 499). One can be sure whether or not proper tuning has been done by hearing the sound of the engine. If it is like new engine, that means tuning is proper, leading to maximized performance. Maximized performance is guaranteed when synthetic lubricants are used. Synthetic lubricants are known as saving engines because they are good friction reducers, and they â€Å"improve engine performance, durability, and prolong draining periods†, state Stachowiak and Batchelor (2011: 60). ... â€Å"Conventional engine oil begins to break down at 260 degrees F. Synthetic keeps going at 300+ degrees F. Truth is, if your engine's oil temperature is 260 to 300 degrees F, you have greater problems than which oil to choose†, writes Smart (2013, par. 4). So, synthetic lubricants are recommended to extract optimized performance from small engines. Moreover, one should make sure that there is enough compression in the engine to perform at its best, writes Senatore (1999: 51). Increased compression means more horsepower. Obviously, one cannot increase compression at home. The engine provider can best suggest how to increase compression and maintain cam selection. A specific compression ratio must be maintained (see fig.2). It is actually the comparison of the volume of the cylinder with the space left when the piston is at the top of stroke. Although the engine performs better at a high compression ratio (Buzelli 2006: 41); yet, the compression ratio should not go beyond 10. 0:1, otherwise it is likely to result in detonation or pre-ignition, which results from low octane in the engine. It is also called pinging. Fuel and spark curves must also be kept into consideration while maximizing compression. It is also important to keep a check on the throttle body of the engine, since a strong, high-performance throttle body guarantees optimized performance (Kojima 2002: 25). Much more horsepower and comparable torque can be gained through a large throttle body of the engine (Evans 2004: 44). However, that needs a check. Too large a throttle body makes the engine loose power. â€Å"Throttle bodies that are much too big for an engine lose their authority way below full throttle, because once the engine is fully loaded, it simply cannot use more

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Education - Essay Example As such, the shareholders within the university system can bolster the extent to which they can engage with prospective students by applying management concepts to the way in which a defined and effective strategy can be engaged. For instance, when a strategy is put together by a group of shareholders who are not in constant communication with one another and are aware of the ultimate goal that is to be effected, a type of non specific result that does not maximize potential is almost guaranteed. However, when shareholders are brought together and the goals are clearly defined and elaborated, a type of group collaboration between all of the elements seeking to increase student attraction within the university is greatly enhanced. For this reason, understanding management concepts and the means by which collective work can be accomplished under the guiding rubric of effective management can expressly enhance the rate and effectiveness of key business level decisions. How do you think planning in today’s organizations compares to planning 25 years ago? Do you think planning become s more important or less important in a world where everything is changing fast and crises are a regular part of organization life ? Why? With regards to 25 years ago, planning has become much more integrated into the business process. For instance, 25 years ago, the rate of change that a given organization or business might experience was somewhat limited. Due to this fact, the need to expert planning was necessarily reduced as a result of the relatively slower pace that external change was exhibited within the operational environment. With regards to the importance of planning now as compared to previously, it is the strong belief of this author that the need for planning has become even stronger in a world where sudden and unexpected change can rapidly redefine the operational environment. The main reason for this is due to the fact that only through planning can the firm or e ntity hope to gain a competitive advantage and seek to anticipate some of the changes that might be upcoming in the very near future. Though one might be tempted to believe that since change is so rapid and unexpected within the current model that planning is non necessitated, the fact of the matter is that the rapid level of change implores the entity or organization to take an even more aggressive approach to planning than an environment in which change occurs slowly and gradually. For this reason, integrating an appropriate level of planning at each and every level of an organization is a primary function that can help to determine whether or not the entity will be able to survive the changes that it must integrate with. Chapter 8: Analyze three decisions you made over the past six months. Which of these were programmed and which were nonprogrammer? Which model- the classical, administrative, or political- best describes the approach you took to make each decision? The three deci sions that have been chosen for analysis within the context of this particular question are as follows: locating and renting an apartment, deciding upon what course selection would maximize efficiency, and considering picking up a minor field of study while in university. As such, all of these decisions which will be analyzed represent non-programmed choices

Why are Risk Assessments Important?

Why are Risk Assessments Important? Demonstrate why risk assessment is an important conceptual  framework for health and social care practice A phrase I have heard often is ‘health and safety gone mad’ and this has been said by people in the care sector when referring to procedures and training they believe is unnecessary, just creating extra work, to perform extra checks and it has been expressed that some employees felt as if it was creating more procedures and forms to fill that if not done the employee could be blamed if something goes wrong and management could avoid responsibility. I believe that these feeling are caused by introducing training and implementing new tasks without an explanation to their importance and not providing the risk assessment to show the research and past incidents that have led to new procedures being enforced. On the 4th April 2015 I was working as a casual support worker in a S.E.N school and a teacher there told me that herself and the other teachers had to attend ladder training and were forbidden from using chairs or anything else to reach for objects on school premises, the school now had a ladder that they described to be safer and would lessen the risk of an accident. The teacher I spoke to said â€Å"its health and safety gone mad.† She thought it was wasted effort having to have to get the ladder and impractical that they were told that no staff should use chairs for that purpose. She did not know about the numerous risk assessments that had been completed involving falls in school settings from chairs and tables; the National Union of Teachers researched and discovered that ‘Between 2002 and 2010 there was one death and nearly two thousand injuries in the education sector as a result of falls from height’. The National Union of teachers examined regulations th at would support their results and the ‘Regulation 6(3) of the Work at Height Regulations states that employers must do all that is reasonably practicable to prevent anyone falling. They must avoid work at height being carried out wherever possible, and where it is unavoidable put in place measures (e.g. suitable work equipment and procedures) to minimise the risk of a fall, and the risk of injury should someone fall despite suitable measures being put in place’. So it is each employer’s obligation to provide training and equipment to ensure the safety of their employees when the probability of the risk happening becomes greater and new information is produced showing new procedures need to be implemented. Risk assessment is the valuation of the harm or disease that could be caused by an object or the environment and this harmful substance is labelled a hazard and the level of harm that hazard can cause will affect how the hazard is controlled. The hazard could present a low or high risk to individuals or the environment; the extent of harm the hazard could cause and the probability of that harm happening is how the risk is measured. The factors to consider when looking at a hazard are how it could cause harm, where does the hazard reside or kept, conditions surrounding the hazard, the frequency of exposure and how much exposure is safe (GreenFacts.org, 2014). A qualitative risk assessment ‘produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study (G, Guest, 2005)’. A qualitative risk assessment has been defined as a ‘written photograph’ (Erlandson, Harris, Skipper, Allen, 1993) as cited in Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method (2005), it observes an individual’s contradictory behaviours, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals. Qualitative methods are also effective in identifying intangible factors, such as social norms, socioeconomic status, gender roles, ethnicity, and religion, whose role in the research issue may not be readily apparent. (G, Guest, 2005). The techniques of a qualitative risk assessment is to observe the subjective influences of the individual, to interview the person or other individuals that are necessary to the assessment to gain background information, contributing factors that has lead up to current conditions and the r isk assessment, to strategies possible solutions and to try and have answers to any queries. Focus groups bring together a group of people to discuss and express their feelings on one topic. The focus group can assist in researching a sensitive subject, to gather preliminary data, aid in the development of surveys and interview guide, to clarify research findings from another method and to gain a large amount of information on the topic in a short time, access to topics that might be otherwise unobservable, can insure that data directly targets researchers topic and Provide access to comparisons that focus group participants make between their experiences (Cohen D, 2006). Qualitative risk assessments assist with quantitative risk assessments as the conclusion of the qualitative risk assessment can provide the information needed to create a numeric value for the probability of the hazard causing harm or disease to individuals or the environment. A quantitative risk assessment identifies the level of risk by using an equation that would show if the risk has a high or low chance of harm or disease by evaluating the hazard, the environment and individuals that could be exposed. The equation used is R=C x E x P means: R is the total score of the risk for example; 20 or less=negligible, 21-69=low, 70-199=medium, 200-399=high and 400or more=very high. C means consequence, severity or disease for example; fatality=100, very serious=75, serious=50, important=10 and minor=5. E is for how often an individual is exposed to the hazard for example; continuous=10, frequent=6, occasional=3, unusual=2, rare=1 and very rare=0.5. P=probability of the hazard causing harm or disease, how often a person could come into contact with the hazard and how capable is the person to deal with the hazard for example; would be expected=10, quite possible=6, unusual but possible=3, only remotely possible=1, conceivable but unlikely=0.5, practically impossible=0.2 and virtually impossible (Tabithasonia, 2014). Risk assessments are based on factual research but there are occasions when personal fears, media and inconclusive debates could lead people to believe that a hazard could cause more harm than studies show or create fears of unrealistic hazards. A media coverage of a study reported serious risks on certain medicines causing unnecessary fear amongst consumers as many of the facts they stated were proven exaggerated or false. The study was based in the US and it was on whether the use of medicines that have anticholinergic effects links to the increased risk of Alzheimer’s at the University of Washington and Group Health Research Institute was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal. The study had some shortcomings and was US based but the British media published the findings in the newspapers and particular newspapers exaggerated statistics, several printed the name of the wrong drug, wrong information given about the focus group and failed to make people aware that the instant stopping of these medications could have adverse effects. The drugs that the study focused on was antihistamines such as Benadryl but the U.K form of Benadryl does not contain diphenhydramine which has a anticholinergic effect and diphenh ydramine is not a chemical that is used in U.K in medicines as it is in the US so the risk of Benadryl in the U.K increasing the risk of Alzheimer’s would be risk assessed as very low as there is no hazard to cause the risk. The level of risk can be based on a person’s perception of the risk using their own knowledge of hazard gathered from word and mouth, personal dread of the hazard occurring and popular beliefs of the hazard and precautionary procedures are put in place using these values. In an elderly residential home there was a fear of Legionnaires’ disease but there was no evidence to support this fear as when tested there was no trace of legionella bacteria in the water system and the water system’s thermometer would ensure the water temperature stays at the levels where the Legionella bacteria is unable to spread and the caretaker checked the water system often ensuring it was up to health and safety standards but a senior member of staff believed that stagnant water was the cause of the spread Legionella bacteria and she thought the home did not use enough water daily to prevent this. An NHS article explains that the environment needed for Legionella bacteria is water temp erature of 20-45C (68-113F) and impurities in the water that the bacteria can use for food – such as rust, algae and lime scale, the world health organisation also has the same information on the spread of legionella bacteria also that if there is stagnant water to test the quality of the water after three days and there still may be no detection of legionella bacteria but these facts were not taken into account when the senior member of staff did her risk assessment and requested that the caretaker would run the taps and showers for a few hours daily to empty the water tanks but if there was a risk of legionnaires disease running water is a risk as it affects people by breathing it in the small droplets of water and the constant refilling of the water tank can dilute the disinfectant chemicals in the tank that protects the water against bacteria proving that a risk assessment that is based on a personal opinion can be inaccurate and would need further investigation into the facts. Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease and mortality rates showing the diversities in areas, this helps target areas in the need of preventative healthcare and shows which areas or ages are more vulnerable to disease and what areas are people living the longest. The epidemiology study for Legionnaires disease shows that it ‘is rare in the UK. In 2013, 284 people were reported to have the infection in England and Wales. Of these cases, 88 people (31%) were exposed to the infection while travelling abroad – mainly to Mediterranean countries, but also tropical countries such as India. However, given the millions of trips made abroad each year, 88 cases is a very small number. Cases of Legionnaires disease arising in England and Wales usually peak between July and September. (NHS, 2015)’ In healthcare settings there are mandatory risk prevention measures in legislation on risk management and the health and safety of individuals and the environment that have been sanctioned by governing bodies and enforced by inspectors such as Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales. The Health and Social Care (Safety and Quality) Act 2015 is a legislation that’s goal is to improve the safety and quality of those in care and explains what is expected of regulators of health and social care professions. Riddor or reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 2013 is the regulation that explains to employers their duties on assessing risks and how to report incidents and these reports are important to assess the needed safety precautions to prevent incidents in the future. COSHH or Control of Substances Hazardous to Health is the law that enforces employers to ensure all hazardous substances are stored safely in appropriate storage rooms, necessary me asures to be taken and risk assessments are completed to prevent any incidents. The case study I am looking at is about Susan a 45 year old school teacher who three years ago lost her husband in a car accident when she had been driving and blames herself even though it was not her fault and since the accident she has turned to alcohol. Susan has been finding her job more stressful and is drinking more for as a coping mechanism but this had to stop as she arrived for work one day under the obvious influence of drink. She was sent home and warned if it happened again a formal disciplinary action would be taken. Her husband Rik was self-employed and had not made provision for a pension or insurance payment in the event of his death and Susan has not adapted her lifestyle following Rik’s death and she spends more than she earns. Her only income is her salary and child benefit; Susan did have some savings but these have now been spent. She has taken out a bank loan and has also just started taking out short term ‘pay day’ loans. The family live in their own home but it is subject to a mortgage. Susan is struggling to make payments and the last two have been paid late. Susan’s daughter Lydia aged 16 has just started her A levels and is at risk of being excluded for lack of effort. She has also started a relationship with Lee, aged 27, who is unemployed and has 2 children from separate previous relationships. Susan’s son Tom aged 14 has started to rebel against his mother. He defies her and stays out after dark and mixes with the ‘wrong people’. He was returned to the house recently by the police having been found drinking in the local park. Causes of Aggressive Behaviour: Anthropology Theories Causes of Aggressive Behaviour: Anthropology Theories In what sense are aggressive behaviors, i.e. conflict, competition, and dominance, universal characteristics of humans? What is the evidence that in some cultures aggressive behaviors are rarely observed and strongly sanctioned? How is such an outcome achieved? Humans are innately social animals, whose existence depends on a continued complex relationship with other human beings. Expressed aggression will inevitably lead to an individual or group as the dominator, and an individual or group as the dominated. Since human origin, individuals and groups have had continuous conflicts in search for the best economic resources, the most fertile land, and the most sustainable reproductive social group. For this reason, human history is full of aggressive conflicts and sanctioned aggressive behaviors. This essay is a brief composition summarizing the outcomes of aggressive human behaviors, specifically focusing on whether dominance, competition, conflict, and war are caused by nature, nurture, or both. This essay also presents case studies of rare amicable, nonviolent societies and their achievements of peace and human security. It is widely agreed among evolutionary anthropologists and sociobiologists that aggression is a biologically universal human characteristic (Dennen Falger 1990; Schmookler 1995; Wrangham Peterson 1996); however, many contemporary cultural anthropologists advocate that aggression is a cultural construct (Kropotkin 1914). Indeed, the historical debate between nature and nurture is vigorous, as the categories of human intrinsical, interactional, and environmental traits are blurred. Hobbes (ed. Tuck 1991) argued that war is a functional part of human nature that maintains a balance of power and solidarity. Rousseau (Jonathan 2005) defended the position that war is independent from human nature, and is therefore a dysfunctional social construct invented by states intended to protect societies. In contrast, Malthus (Pullen 1989) believed war to be a functional mechanism imparted by God to humans to reduce populations at necessary intervals through an innate expression of aggression and a need for in-group cohesion to maintain a sustainable equilibrium. The nature-nurture debate continues still, from early philosophers to contemporary scholars with no definitive answer. The debate however has recently grown more complex with a greater comprehension of biological predispositions that effect human behavior. The most compelling explanation is that many biological predispositions, like aggression and competition, can be distinguished from, but influenced by, the cultural environment (Renfrew 1997). Every living organism, Ridley (2003, p. 236) argues, is an instrument for ‘genes to grow, feed, thrive, replicate, and die, but most importantly its primary survival function is reproduction. Reproduction undoubtedly catalyzes a competitive force to create descendants. This essay reputes the position that biological factors influence the cultural, or as Ridley (2003) describes it ‘nature via nurture. More specifically, reproduction and aggression biologically entail phenotypic outcomes. All humans feel the need to eliminate competitors, or the offspring of competitors to protect reproductive capital such as territory and mates (Low 2000, p. 214). This can be achieved through aggressive non-violent dominance or aggressive violent conflicts. Anderson and Bushman (2002, p.28) defines human aggression as ‘any behavior directed toward another individual that is carried out with the proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm. This, however, does not mean that the individual has carried out the harmful conduct. It can be inferred then, that aggression is a means to create an inverse relation to achieve a goal through someone without the use of harm or violence. The definition of violence, such as war, conflict, competition, and dominance is arbitrary. For example, violence in one culture can be very different to another culture, or even to individuals of the same culture. Anderson Bushman (2002, p.29) defines violence as ‘aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g., death). When comparing the two definitions, it is clear that violence is aggressive expression but, conversely, aggression does not always lead to violence. These definitions lead to the conclusion that aggression is biological and universal among humans and furthermore, violence is nature via nurture. In fact, human expression of violence is minimal compared to aggression. Aggression can be observed in almost every human interaction in the form of non-violent dominance and competition for social capital (Dennen Falger 1990). Culture arbitrates in inverse relations with norms, mores, folkways, and taboos to prevent aggression turning into rampant violence. With the mediation of culture, aggression via violence serves multiple functions and dysfunctions within human societies (Dennen Falger 1990). Established in-out groups create and maintain group identity and boundary lines between societies. This stratification then creates reciprocal hostility between groups and creates the need for social institutions. These institutions often act as social filters preventing impulsive social conflict between in-out groups (Dennen Falger 1990). These filters also act as a mobilization mechanism, unifying the energies of group members, thus increasing group cohesion or reaffirming state sovereignty (Dennen Falger 1990). Without group unification, powerful charismatic people cannot rally a society toward a collective interest. Social order is achieved through rules and commands issued by these powerful people to maintain a normative system of society and influence the weaker people to represent their will (Dennen Falger 1990). The example of aggression (nature) via dominance (nurture) complies with the laws of mutual aid and mutual struggle (Wrangham Peterson 1996; Kropotkin 1914 ). Through these two laws humans directly benefit from achieved power, status, and resources through competition; however, as a result, 60 percent of all human societies engage in warfare at least yearly (Low 2000, p. 223). War would be inevitable if the genetic basis alone dictated human action. The above arguments have uncovered that the universal character of human conflict, competition, and dominance is contingent on biological aggressive behaviors. Ethnographic records and historical accounts tell a clear story of hominid catalyzed aggression (Carmen 1997). From primate pack raiding, to Homo habilis tribal skirmishes, to Homo erectus group battles, to Neandertal societal armed conflicts, to Homo sapien civilization wars (Schmookler 1995 p. 74-87; Otterbein 2004), humans have perpetually constructed cultural systems to solve the recurrent problem of violent aggression via mutual aid and mutual struggle. Through history, humans have been actively altering their environments through problem solving to best suit intellectual development, which has caused an inevitable in-group/out-group competition (Schmookler 1995). The more humans mutually support each other, the more intellectual development occurs; conversely, the more human intellect increases, the larger civilizations become, and more blood is shed (Schmookler 1995). That is, greater levels of population pressure are associated with a greater likelihood of warfare. Furthermore, ‘warfare is more likely in advanced horticultural and agrarian societies than it is in hunting–and–gathering and simple horticultural societies, and that it is also more likely in hunting–and–gathering and agrarian societies that have above–average population densities (Nolan 2003). Thus, the denser human population becomes, the laws of mutual aid and mutual struggle become more imposed. This is evidence that cultur e can intensify or suppress expressions of aggression. For the most part, however, culture has been unsuccessful at eliminating violence. Since mutual aid and mutual struggle has failed to resolve the problem of universal conflict, surely something must provide a solution. Kropotkin (1914, p. 74) argues that, ‘better conditions are created by the elimination of competition by means of mutual aid, thus establishing a cultural ecology of pacificism. This argument fails because, as presented above, innate aggression induces competition for optimal human survival. To completely eliminate competition, aggression must first be entirely suppressed. Complex human culture is unable to hinder aggression to the degree of elimination, but Kropotkin inadvertently made a good point. Once competition is reduced, social disparities and meritocracy will also decrease, thus preventing the less dominant group from obtaining the subordinate position (Schmookler 1995). The latter part of this essay will draw upon case studies to argue that competition reduction has been the primary objective for many tribal societies and welfare stat es. Kropotkin (1914) uses numerous examples to argue that societies with intra-group cohesion rarely encounter intra or inter-group conflict. Among them is a Papuan tribe located in Geelwink Bay, studied by G.L. Blink (1888). Kropotkin (1914, p. 94) interprets Blinks account as, ‘never having any quarrels worth speaking of and ‘never had he any conflict to complain of which is unsupported because Blink, in his field notes writes, ‘war prisoners are sometimes eaten. Kropotkin does not completely overlook this statement of warfare, but this case study fails to prove his point that inter-group peace is achievable. Kropotkin, therefore, makes a detrimental mistake in his argument for exemplifying paramount sociability and inter-tribal peace. It seems Kropotkin was attempting to persuade readers through an anarchist agenda by centering on the Papuan peaceful in-group relations and describing the Papuan tribe as having a primitive communist system (Kropotkin 1914, p. 93-95). By using examples of Inuit tribes, Kropotkin once again glorifies in-group mutual aid, but abandons emphasis on inter-group conflict. In summarizing Veniaminoff, Kropotkin (1914, p. 100) writes, ‘one murder only had been committed since the last century in a population of 60,000 people, irrespective of mass infanticide to maintain a sustainable population. In truth, Inuit tribes rely heavily on cooperation and reciprocity for intra-group survival; however, they are not exempt from inter-group hostility as Kropotkin omits (1914, p. 95-104; Gat 1999, p. 26). Anthropologist Reynolds (1985, p. 24) asserts that, ‘Eskimos had limited their aggressiveness in past fights with other Eskimos, but had been more brutal in fights with other North American Indian peoples. Although restrained and ritualized, Inuit did wage combat against each other and engaged in inter-ethnic conflict (Gat 1999, p. 26). Even Veniaminoff, whom Kropotkin (1914, p. 99) quotes, writes that for Aleoutes â₠¬Ëœit is considered shameful to†¦ask pardon from an enemy; to die without ever having killed an enemy. Once again, Kropotkin relates the primitive society with his anarchical communist agenda to prove in-group solidarity and peace is achievable, but avoids out-group enmity. Specifically, Kropotkin takes a Rousseauean social Darwinist stance on aggression and conflict by arguing that humans are innately peaceable and cooperative. Nevertheless, Kropotkin shares a commonality with Rousseau, Malthus, and Hobbes; each has constructed two functional and universal explanations for aggression and conflict (Dawson 1996, p. 7). Firstly, interspecific aggression occurs when one group attempts to exclude another group through competitiveness and dominance. This can be achieved with or without violence and is distinguished from predation, when an individual or group dominates the other for the economic gain of a food source. Secondly, group cohesion results in a synergistic in-group relationship, consequently producing an ethnocentric view of superiority toward other groups (Pope 2000, p. 161; Dawson 1996, p. 7). Although Kropotkin downplayed group ethnocentrism and rallying, he realized it is inevitable, as explained above. Indeed, the laws of mutual aid and mutual struggle universally obligate humans. As explained above, innate competition and group solidarity has, throughout the history of man, led to conflicts. With the rise of large-scale societies, these conflicts evolved into primitive warfare. During the early Paleolithic, H. s. sapiens began to spread rapidly across the earths surface (Dawson 1996, p. 26). Fissionings and fusions occurred often, and competition intensified because of seasonal scarce resources. According to Dawson (1996, p. 26) ‘all theories of primitive warfare have recognized that whether or not it [war] is innate it has to be triggered by competition. Warfare is certainly not innate, but it may account for the wide dispersal of early Paleolithic humanity. Conversely, it would have limited the possibilities for offensive/defensive competition because early humans most likely fought for land and resources and the winner would assume ‘ownership, while the other group found new economic capital (Dawson 1996, p. 26). This method would prove effecti ve until groups could no longer diffuse due to a limit of land and resources. At the beginning of the Neolithic culture, large groups could no longer easily avoid neighboring groups by seeking new land, therefore resource limitations compelled people to live in larger, more cohesive societies (Dawson 1996, p. 26-27). Dense populations compelled groups to become territorial, with semi-permanent settlements. Human societies, consequently, were forced to create caches of food to survive. In order to protect these caches, defensible resources became a defensive strategy against raiding groups, especially for agricultural societies (Dawson 1996, p. 26-27). Defensive logistics were designed to deter war but, according to the archeological evidence, war was more often and more brutal (Dawson 1996, p. 26-27). As a result of militarism, the individual became an expendable resource for the good of the group. The democratization of warfare among states is the current solution to the consistent and universal competitive strive for dominance. The democratic model originated during the French Revolution, when states were not yet nation-states and nationalism had not yet developed as a significant political force (Baylis, Smith, Owens 2008, p. 546). For the first time, humanity mustered an enormous and unprecedented amount of human energy into one single national service and mutual protection (Schmookler 1995, p. 99-100, 287-288; Baylis et al. 2008, p. 546). When France democratically handed over this vast army to Napoleon, neighboring nations were compelled to enhance and enlarge their military to deter domination. However, Napoleon was able to dominate Europe because of the newly devised national political system, enabling him to conjure unequalled armies (Schmookler 1995, p. 99-100, 287-288; Baylis, et al. 2008, p. 546). Once again, the laws of mutual aid and mutual struggle intertwine. In conclusion, Hobbes, Malthus, Rousseau, and Kropotkin all had a static view of competition. Competition inevitably leads to war and peace. The laws of mutual aid and mutual struggle are innate, universal, and are not mutually exclusive. They secure orderliness and allow humans to act freely to preserve their genes, however, the knowledge and values shared by a society influence and, to some degree, determine the thoughts and actions of an individual to behave synergistically and symbiotically (Schmookler 1995, p. 13). Through time, humanity has used solidarity, anarchy, fissioning, defense, militarism, social institutions, and democracy to sanction or repel conflict and violence with no prevail. In each case study presented, intra-group solidarity brought on inter-group competition and conversely, inter-group conflict caused intra-group solidarity. Because humans are social creatures and are dependent on each other for culture, conflicts are inevitable. The laws of mutual struggle and mutual aid operate within the law of natural selection – gene survival of the fittest individual or group. In/out groups will always be present; however, conflict and war are not innately biological. They are an outward expression of acculturation. That is, human biological aggression is stimulated by cultural norms, mores, folkways, and taboos. A groups cultural sanctions determine the social consequence for overt aggression. Bibliography Baylis, J., Smith S., Owens P., The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, London. 546 Baron, RA Richardson, DR 1994, Human aggression, 2nd ed., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-38. Blink, G.L. 1888, Bulletin de la societe d anthropologie, vol.11, p. 386, cited in Kropotkin, Petr 1914, Mutual aid: A factor of evolution, Porter Sargent Publishers Inc, Boston. p. 93. Carmen, John 1997, Material harm: Archaeological studies of war and violence, Cruithne Press, UK. Coy, Patrick Woehrle, Lynne 2000, Social conflicts and collective identities, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland. Dawson, Doyne 1996, The origins of war: Biological and anthropological theories, History and Theory, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 1-28, viewed 25 Aug 2009, . Dennen, J. Falger V. (ed) 1990, Sociobiology and conflict: Evolutionary perspectives on competition, cooperation, violence and warfare, Chapman and Hall, London. Gat, A 1999, Social organization, group conflict and the demise of the Neanderthals, The Mankind Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 437-454. Kropotkin, Petr 1914, Mutual aid: A factor of evolution, Porter Sargent Publishers Inc, Boston. Low, Bobbi 2000, Why sex matters: A Darwinian look at human behavior, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Marks, Jonathan 2005, Perfection and disharmony in the thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. Nolan, Patrick 2003, ‘Toward an Ecological–Evolutionary Theory of the Incidence of Warfare in Preindustrial Societies, Sociological Theory, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 18 – 30. Otterbein, Keith 2004, How war began, Texas AM University Press, U.S.A. Pope, Geoffrey 2000, The biological bases of human behavior, Allyn and Bacon, Boston. Pullen, John (ed.) 1989, T.R. Malthus: Principles of political economy, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. Renfrew, John 1997, Aggression and its causes: A biopsychosocial approach, Oxford University Press, New York. Reynolds, Vernon 1985, ‘Sociobiology meeting, Anthropology Today, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 24-25, viewed on 01 September 2009, . Ridley, Matt 2003, Nature via nurture, Fourth Estate, London. Schmookler, Andrew B. 1995, The parable of the tribes: The problem of power in social evolution, second edition, State University of New York, New York. Tuck, Richard (ed.) 1991, Hobbes: Leviathan, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. Wrangham, R Peterson, D 1996, Demonic males: apes and the origins of human violence, Bloomsbury, London.

The appeal of Chopin’s The Story of An Hour

The appeal of Chopin’s The Story of An Hour, for me, is the its surprise ending. Its unexpectedness is further heightened by the quiet start of the plot and the gradual build-up towards what the reader thinks would be a predictable ending, only for the writer to take everything away from the heroine—and from the reader, too. Chopin uses Mrs. Mallard’s point of view so we experience the narrative through her. When the story opens, we learn of Mr.Mallard’s death but this fact is only hinted at. Later on, we join her in her grief, from the weeping â€Å"with sudden abandonment† to the intermittent sobbing that finally puts her sleep. When she awakes, Mrs. Mallard feels an emotion she could not place, and the reader begins to be as bewildered as she is. Chopin describes this yet unnamed sensation with metaphors such as stating how â€Å"her bosom rose and fell† until the exclamatory exclamation of â€Å"free, free, free! We exalt with her realiz ation and sympathize as she describes how she felt repressed in her marriage.However, this joy is short-lived when she sees her husband—alive after all. There is the suspenseful moment filling three paragraphs of her sister knocking hard upon the door. Chopin waits until the final paragraph to spring her surprise so that we also share in Mrs. Mallard’s shock and simply gape in disbelief when we read the final line describing how Mrs. Mallard â€Å"had died of heart disease—of joy that kills. †

Accelerated Development

Counseling is one of the noblest professions, if a teacher teaches minds, and doctors heal bodies, a counselor revives man’s spirit and inspires others to live more fully. It is both a challenge and a vocation to be a counselor because one must be physically and mentally present to those who come for help. Counselors are still humans despite the breadth of their responsibilities to help others, and they are also prone to experience burnout and exhausted in their jobs.A counselor’s well-being and state of mental health is equally important to the training he/she has received in the counseling profession, counselors must have a strong sense of self and be able to deal effectively with his/her stressors in order to become effective counselors (Campbell, 2000). David has been working as a counselor for many years have probably experienced the signs of burnout; not wanting to work, exhaustion, sluggishness and unhappiness. Burnout results when the counselor has not given imp ortance to his own personal care.David must nurture his own well-being and seek ways for him to become more effective in his job. Fortunately, there are a number of ways that would help David, he could place himself in different types of supervision-individual, group and peer. Under individual supervision, David would have the opportunity to work closely with a more experienced counselor. The role of the supervisor is to constantly check and evaluate David’s performance and the difficulties he may experience in a particular case (Campbell, 2000).David can benefit from individual supervision if he is willing to establish a working and mentoring relationship with the supervisor. David on the other hand, must not feel threatened to be scrutinized and made to face his own issues. In individual supervision, David can learn from the more experienced counselor by discussing with him/her how to handle certain cases, what approaches to use on clients that have specific problems as wel l as learn new developments in the counseling profession. If David decides to place himself in peer supervision, he will work together with colleagues in resolving personal dilemmas and difficult cases.There will be no designated official supervisor and everyone interacts and shares his/her views, professional know-how and experience to enrich others (Campbell, 2000). Peer supervision is actually like a support group in function; it is valuable in terms of establishing friendships with similar jobs, hence every member of the group can relate to what is being experienced. David can benefit from peer supervision if he can work with others on equal footing, without structure and a leader and if his clients are actually more sensitive than others which make it difficult to share with those who do not have the same clients.Another option for David is group supervision, in this type of supervision, David works with other counselors as a group and they invite a seasoned professional or exp ert counselor to provide valuable input on their problems and difficulties (Campbell, 2000). The benefits of being in group supervision is that David can learn from other counselors and at the same time receives feedback from an expert as to how they could do it better and be more effective in their jobs. Group supervision is actually a good set-up if David can find like minded counselors who are receptive to supervision and who have similar cases.The strengths of counseling supervision is that the counselor does not feel that he is alone and that there are persons he can turn to for technical expertise and friendship (Campbell, 2000). Individual supervision allows one-on-one evaluation and feedback, it removes the threat of being embarrassed in front of others and the counselor can decide his supervision program. The drawback is that it is difficult to find an expert counselor who has the time to work with individually.And if the counselor and the supervisor has established rapport and become close friends it is very difficult to maintain objectivity in the process. In peer supervision, there is the added bonus of having a group that everyone can share and be heard and no one is there to criticize but to help others learn. The negative side is that because it is not structured, the group meetings may not actually respond to the needs of all the members and since there is no supervisor, no one is there to check whether one is doing the right thing.Lastly, group supervision offers a class-like set-up which many find appropriate when it comes to professional growth, however because it is a group, the expert may not have enough time to address the needs of all the members and it may take longer for a certain issue to be discussed even if it is an immediate need for the counselor. Reference Campbell, J. (2000). Becoming and effective supervisor: A workbook for counselors and psychotherapists. Philadelphia, PN: Accelerated Development.

A, An, And How to Choose the Right Word

A and an are indefinite articles that precede nouns or the adjectives modifying nouns. In English grammar, a and an are determiners, meaning they specify the identity or quantity of something, and for both words, that quantity is one—the word from which theyre derived. Really, the only thing that sets this pair apart is the pronunciation of the first sound of the word that follows them.  Its pretty simple, except when it isnt—but well get to that. And, on the other hand, is a coordinating conjunction thats used to join words, phrases, and clauses—which is another thing altogether, so well save and for last. OK? How to Use A A is an indefinite article thats used before a noun or adjective that starts with a consonant sound—even if the first letter of the noun or adjective is a vowel. How to Use An An is an indefinite article that precedes a noun or an adjective that begins with a vowel sound—even if the first letter of that noun or adjective is a consonant. Examples A and an are two forms of the same word, so you really cant confuse their meaning. Just remember, choosing the right article is all about the first sound, not the first letter of the noun or adjective that follows the article. An elephant crashed through a fence.She has a high-pitched voice and an annoying habit of using it.I sat at a table and ate an apple.It was an honor to meet a military veteran. When Using A or  An Can Get Confusing, Part 1 Some words that begin with vowels actually sound like consonants, and vice-versa. Words that begin with the letter u are a bit of a challenge. When u is pronounced you, as in ukelele, its preceded by a because you starts with a consonant sound (y). He played a ukelele in the band.She wore a uniform.I met a unicorn. When u is pronounced uh, as in umbrella, or ew as in tuber, it takes an because uh and ew are vowel sounds. We had an understanding.That was an unconventional strategy.I called an Uber. When Using A or  An Can Get Confusing, Part 2 Some words that start with the letter h begin with a vowel sound, while others begin with a consonant sound—but as long as you know how the words are pronounced, choosing the correct article shouldnt be a problem because the same rules apply. Words in which you pronounce the initial h as a consonant, including habitat, hospital, and horoscope, are preceded by a—a habitat, a hospital, a horoscope.Words in which the initial h is dropped, including hour, honor, and hors doeuvre (making the vowel the first sound you hear) are preceded by an—an hour, an honor, an hors doeuvre. Another point of confusion is which article to use for all the history words: historian, historic, historical (and a few others like hysterical). The current common consensus is that since you pronounce the h, the correct usage would be: I was accosted by a hysterical historian in a historic district of Boston. Of course, youre still going to hear some folks say things like, It was an historic day for all concerned. There are two reasons for this: The person speaking might be from Great Britain. In some instances of British English, as opposed to American English, the h sound is dropped, making an acceptable. The other reason you might hear it is due to an affectation. The person speaking may be attempting to sound like someone of elevated social status. People who do this also tend to pronounce the silent t in often because they think it makes them sound classy. This practice is something to be avoided—except perhaps in a Monty Python sketch. Using A and An With Abbreviations According to Theodore M. Bernstein, author of The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage, one last bastion of confusion in the a vs. an conundrum rears its ugly head when abbreviations crop up: Do you write, He received a M.A. degree or an M.A. degree? Do you write, a N.Y. Central spokesman or an N.Y. Central spokesman? Once again, the test is pronunciation. M.A. registers with most people as alphabetical letters, not as Master of Arts; hence, an M.A. degree is proper. On the other hand, N.Y. Central is instantly translated by the mind into New York Central; it would not be read as En Wye Central. Therefore, a N.Y. Central spokesman is proper. How to Remember the Difference Between A and An When in doubt, sound it out! If youre still not sure which article is correct, saying the word or phrase youre having trouble with out loud can help. If youre unsure of the proper pronunciation, most dictionaries offer standard pronunciation guidelines for each entry. If you cant figure out the notations, most online dictionaries also feature an audio function that will give you the correct pronunciation. Just click on the sound icon. When to Use And Although its a common error to type an instead of and or and instead of an (and spellcheck wont always catch it!) theres really no reason to confuse either a or an with and since they serve very different functions in language. Weve already identified a and an as articles. And is a conjunction. It doesnt qualify or quantify things, but rather, it joins them. You can think of and as the plus sign in an addition equation because thats pretty much the grammatical equivalent of what it is. In math class, youd write out 2 2 4, but you might say, two and two are four. The thing between the two factors of the equation ( or and) simply means youre supposed to add them. Either way, it adds up to four. Examples Jane and I are friends.It was a case of apples and oranges.The wound on his hand was ugly and infected. And and And finally, the ampersand—a.k.a. —is a symbol thats interchangeable with the word and in meaning (easily remembered because it has the word and in it), however, there are times and places when using an ampersand is acceptable, and others when its not. Ampersands are great for signage, graphics, and texting. When youre writing any kind of formal document, always use and unless the ampersand is part of a name, title, or quoted phrase. Ben and Jerry were kind enough to send 12 cases of Ben Jerrys Cherry Garcia ice cream to the charity event. Sources Bernstein, Theodore M. The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage. Simon Schuster, 1965Is It A Historic Event Or An Historic Event? Lexico Dictionaries | English, Lexico Dictionaries.